Quoted directly from the May 2012 Muscle & Fitness (yes, this is an older article, but still thought I'd share):"The European Journal of Applied Physiology found that working out first thing in the morning on an empty stomach doubled the magnitude of muscle growth signals."(May 2012, M&F, page 143)Cory
Fasted training means nothing except water and black coffee. If you're waking at 6 and training at 10 you probably do want to have something before hand. A shake probably isn't the best choice though. Save that for after. Wake coffee w/creamShortly there after breakfast with a fair amount of fatTrainThen a shake
Now, did they say if it actually translated to anything substantial, in real life terms?
Nope. I quoted it precisely as it was written. I'd have to dig up their source to see if anything further was written.Key note is simply that training fasted, in this case in the AM, leads to greater muscle gains. Greater being the unknown variable.I know this much from my own research, that training in the AM does influence a higher output of GH.Cory